Analysis of Bus Fare Structure to Observe Modal Shift, Operator Profit, and Land-Use Choices through Combined Unified Transport Model

نویسندگان

چکیده

In order to design sustainable urban transport systems, the inclusion of behaviors different stakeholders is imperative. this study, we formulated interactions between operator, landowner, workplace, residence, route and mode choices, location firms businesses through a combined unified model land-use system. The commuters have two choices for traveling: private car public bus. They are inclined choose transit with minimum traveling costs. We models, maximization operator profit constrained by bus frequency, while maintaining formulation other an assignment sub-model. resulting bi-level, which optimally solved small-sized instance containing zones. findings suggest that if fare reduced, demand increased. However, operators’ optimized within certain range fares lowered when too low or high. It determined maximum frequency does not guarantee service operator. impacts costs on residence choice behavior link more, many people opt travel analysis results presented in paper calculated types fares: fixed (30 currency), (5 100 currency). Different variants same can be applied real settings better comprehend nature its applications.

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Sustainability

سال: 2021

ISSN: ['2071-1050']

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010139